undesired output of the Palindrome program using C++

So I started learning C++ two weeks ago and I want to build a program that checks if a string is a palindrome or not. I tried different ways including the str1==str2 method in the following way:

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;

string empty;
string word;
bool inverse(string word)
{

    for (int i=0;i<=word.length();i++)
    {
         empty+=word[word.length()-i];
    }
    return empty==word;
}

int main()
{ 

    cout<<inverse("civic");

}

The output is always 0

Second way: the str1.compare(str2) method

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;

string empty;
string word;
bool inverse(string word)
{

for (int i=0;i<=word.length();i++)
{empty+=word[word.length()-i];}

if (word.compare(empty))
return true;
else
return false;


}

int main()
{ 

if (inverse(word)==true)
cout<<"is a palindrome";
else
cout<<"is not a palindrome";
cout<<inverse("ano");
cout<<inverse("madam");
}

the output is always: is palindrome1 (with 1 or two ones at the end of "palindrome") even if the string is not a palindrome.

please explain to me what mistakes I made and how I can correct them. Also If I want to make my program handle a string that has white space in it, how can I do it?

There are a couple of problems

Your code is looping too many times. For example a word of three letters should loop three times, but your code loops for 4 (i=0, i=1, i=2, and i=3). To fix this you need to change the final condition to use < instead of <=.
You are computing the symmetrical index with the wrong formula. If for example you have a word of length three the letters be word[0], word[1] and word[2]. However your code uses length - i and for i=0 this will use word[3] that is outside the allowed limits for the word. You need to do the indexing using as formula length - 1 - i instead of length - i.

Both of these errors are quite common in programming and they're called "off-by-one" errors. Remember to always double-check the boundary conditions when you write code so that you can keep this kind of error away from your programs.

Example #3 – Program to Check Palindrome in C using a do-while loop A do-while loop is a kind of similar to a while loop, But in the do-while loop, the loop gets executed at least one time. In the Do While loop , The condition appears at the end of the loop, so the statements in the Do loop executed before checking whether a condition is true

For first one you need to change

for (int i=0;i<=word.length();i++)
{empty+=word[word.length()-i];}

to this

for (int i=0;i<word.length();i++)
{empty+=word[word.length()-(i+1)];}

Check if a string is palindrome in C using pointers; C Program to Check if a Given String is Palindrome; Check if a given string is a rotation of a palindrome; Check whether the given string is Palindrome using Stack; Check if there exists any sub-sequence in a string which is not palindrome; Java program to check whether a string is a Palindrome

Your program's behavior will become undefined after this line:

for (int i = 0;i <= word.length(); i++)
    empty += word[word.length() - i];

Since length is always one plus the last element (Since the first index is zero), when i is 0, then: word[word.length()] will give you the element after the last element, which is not possible and thus your program will invoke undefined behavior since C/C++... word[word.length()] is also possible when i itself becomes word.length(), so change <= (less than or equal to) to < (less than)

So, it should be:

for (int i = 0;i < word.length(); i++)
    empty += word[word.length() - 1 - i];

The function computerPowers() in the program computes the powers of 101 using dynamic programming. Overflow Issues: As, we can see that the hash values and the reverse hash values can become huge for even the small strings of length – 8. Since C and C++ doesn’t provide support for such large numbers, so it will cause overflows.

Preprocess/Prepare the string to use Manachers Algorithm, to help find even length palindrome, for which we concatenate the given string with itself (to find if rotation will give a palindrome) and add ‘$’ symbol at the beginning and ‘#’ characters between letters. We end the string using ‘@’.

If the sum is not a palindrome, repeat this procedure until it does. Write a program that takes number and gives the resulting palindrome (if one exists). If it took more than 1,000 iterations (additions) or yield a palindrome that is greater than 4,294,967,295, assume that no palindrome exist for the given number. Examples:

A palindrome is a word, number, phrase, or other sequences of characters which reads the same backward as forward. Words such as madam or racecar or the number 10801 are a palindrome. For a given string if reversing the string gives the same string then we can say that the given string is a palindrome. Which means to check for the palindrome, we need to find whether the first and last, second and last-1, and so on elements are equal or not.

Comments

empty+=word[word.length()-i]; will invoke Undefined behavior when i is zero...
Your for loop is checking i <= word.length(), while it should check i < word.length()
oh I understand, I will make sure to check for the boundaries thank you so much for your help!